Landmark specification

NumberPointDescription
1Trichionmidpoint of the hairline, that is, on the hairline through the midline of the forehead – seen from the profile perspective
2, 3, 4SemilandmarksThe midpoints between trichion and glabella
5Glabellaprominence in the midsagittal plane of the forehead at the level of the superior orbial ridges – seen from the profile perspective
6NasionPoint located at the intersection of the median plane with sutura nasofrontalis
7, 8, 9SemilandmarksThe midpoints between nasion and pronasale
10PronasaleThe most prominent point at the top of the nose
11PostalareA point located at the back of the ala, where the skin of the nose merges with the skin of the face
12SubnasaleA point located at the top of the angle formed by the lower edge of the nasal septum and the philtrum in the median plane
13Labiale superiusA point located on the upper edge of the vermilion border of the upper lip, where it is intersected by the median plane  
14StomionA point located on the oral fissure from the front (with the mouth closed), where it is crossed by the median plane
15Labiale inferiusA point located on the lower edge of the vermilion border of the lower lip, where it is intersected by the median plane  
16LabiomentaleA point located where the midline plane is crossed by the cutaneous chin-labial fold
17PogonionA point located on the anterior wall of the mandible, in the median plane, at the most anterior point on the mental prominence or spine
18GnathionA point located on the lower edge of the mandible at the intersection with the median plane
19CervicomentaleA point where the chin merges into the neck
20ExocathionThe outer corner of the eye fissure where eyelids meet
21Vertex corneaeThe most prominent point of the eyeball